Expressing Certainty and Doubt

- **might / could** → maybe 50% (ربما) - **should** → expected 70–80% (يفترض أن) - **must** → almost certain 90%+ (لا بد أن) In Arabic, you often express probability with words like *ربما*, *لابد*, *يفترض*. English modals carry the same meaning but are placed before the main verb.

- *It **might** rain later* → possible (ربما تمطر لاحقاً). - *She **must** be tired* → almost certain after a long day (لا بد أنها متعبة). - *He **should** arrive soon* → expected (يفترض أن يصل قريباً). - *That **could** be true* → possible (قد يكون هذا صحيحاً).

⚠️ **"must" for deduction** (استنتاج) is different from **"must" for obligation** (وجوب): - Deduction: *He must be at work* → أنا متأكد أنه في العمل. - Obligation: *I must finish this report* → يجب أن أنهي هذا التقرير.